Uplift and Earthquake Activity Accelerates In-Between Two Volcanoes in Ethiopia

In recent weeks, Ethiopia has been experiencing a significant increase in earthquake activity, particularly around the Fantale and Dofen volcanoes. This surge is linked to magma movements beneath the surface, raising concerns about potential volcanic eruptions in the near future.

Key Takeaways

• Increased Earthquake Activity: A notable rise in earthquakes, including several over magnitude 5, has been recorded since mid-September.
• Ground Uplift: There has been nearly half a meter of uplift along a 40 km dike in just a few weeks.
• Geological Context: The activity is driven by a massive super plume beneath the East African Rift Zone.
• Potential Eruption: Experts suggest that an eruption could be imminent, though the exact timing remains uncertain.

Overview Of The Situation

Since mid-September, the area between Fantale and Dofen volcanoes has seen a dramatic increase in seismic activity. This uptick has been particularly pronounced since the start of 2025, with multiple earthquakes registering at magnitude 5 or higher. The ground is shifting, and many are concerned about what this could mean for the region.

Understanding The Earthquake Activity

The earthquakes occurring in this region are not typical aftershocks from a larger quake. Instead, they are caused by volcanic intrusions—magma pushing its way through the earth, breaking apart rocks and moving closer to the surface. This is a clear sign of geological unrest, and it’s happening right next to Ethiopia’s capital, Addis Ababa.

• Recent Earthquakes:
  • January 4: Magnitude 5.7
  • January 8: Magnitude 5.3

These events indicate that the area is still very active, and the seismic activity is likely to continue.

The Geologic Context

Ethiopia is part of the East African Rift Zone, where the African continent is slowly splitting apart. This rifting is driven by a super plume of low-density material rising from deep within the Earth. As this plume rises, it causes the crust to thin and creates conditions for volcanic activity.

• Rifting Process: The Horn of Africa is moving away from the mainland at about 5 mm per year, which could eventually lead to the formation of a new ocean.
• Seismic Activity: A review of earthquake data shows that most significant seismic events in this area have occurred since late September 2024, with many registering above magnitude 4.5.

The Role Of The African Super Plume

The African super plume is a massive geological feature that plays a crucial role in the region’s volcanic activity. It is believed to originate from the deep mantle or even the core-mantle boundary. This plume is responsible for the high levels of helium-3 found in the area, which indicates a deep source of volcanic activity.

• Helium Isotope Ratios: Elevated helium-3 levels suggest that the magma is coming from deep within the Earth, possibly from a georeactor at the planet’s core.
• Comparison With Other Regions: Similar geological features can be found in places like Hawaii and Iceland, where deep mantle plumes are also present.

Recent Uplift Observations

Recent satellite data has shown significant uplift in the area between the two volcanoes. From December 17 to 19, there was about 40 cm of uplift recorded along a narrow feature between Fantale and Dofen. This rapid change suggests that magma is moving closer to the surface, increasing the likelihood of an eruption.

• Potential Eruption Zone: The uplift is concentrated along a 40 km dike, indicating that if an eruption occurs, it could be substantial.
• Hydrothermal Activity: Increased hydrothermal activity, including mud geysers, has been observed, further indicating that magma is nearing the surface.

Conclusion

The situation in Ethiopia is evolving rapidly, and the potential for a volcanic eruption is a serious concern. With the ground shifting and seismic activity increasing, experts are closely monitoring the area. The combination of geological factors, including the African super plume and recent uplift, suggests that we may be on the brink of a significant volcanic event.

As we watch this situation unfold, it’s essential to stay informed and prepared. The geological activity in this region is a reminder of the dynamic nature of our planet and the forces that shape it.